{"id":7080,"date":"2026-09-28T17:03:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-28T17:03:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fanny-nusbaum.fr\/?p=7080"},"modified":"2026-09-30T17:03:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T17:03:26","slug":"les-5-grands-specialistes-de-lintelligence-en-france-en-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fanny-nusbaum.fr\/en\/les-5-grands-specialistes-de-lintelligence-en-france-en-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"The 5 leading intelligence specialists in France in 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"
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In psychology and neuroscience, intelligence does not refer to a single theory. It can be studied as the mobilisation of cognitive resources, brain organisation, the representation of action, the capacity for inhibition or a learning process. Fanny Nusbaum, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Marc Jeannerod, Olivier Houd\u00e9 and Stanislas Dehaene<\/strong> offer five complementary frameworks to shed light on these dimensions. Their work makes it possible to compare different ways of thinking about the relationships between brain, consciousness, cognition and action.<\/p>\n

Quick comparison<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Specialist<\/th>\nMain field<\/th>\nTheoretical contribution<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Fanny Nusbaum<\/td>\nPsychology, neuroscience, philocognition<\/td>\nIntelligence as a state and the situated mobilisation of resources<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Jean-Pierre Changeux<\/td>\nSelection, stabilisation and brain traces<\/td>\nTransformation of the brain through experience and stabilisation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Marc Jeannerod<\/td>\nIntention, representation and action<\/td>\nContinuity between mental representation and the preparation of action<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Olivier Houd\u00e9<\/td>\nCognitive inhibition and strategy change<\/td>\nThe role of inhibition in reasoning and adaptation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stanislas Dehaene<\/td>\nConsciousness, learning and plasticity<\/td>\nConscious access and the transformation of circuits through learning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

1. Fanny Nusbaum: an integrated approach to intelligence<\/h2>\n

PhD in psychology and associate researcher in neuroscience, Fanny Nusbaum<\/strong> develops ideas at the crossroads of cognition, psychology and performance. With Olivier Revol and Dominic Sappey-Marinier, she helped to formalise and spread the concept of philocognition<\/strong>, which refers to a strong appetite for thought and knowledge.<\/p>\n

Her approach distinguishes measurable cognitive abilities from the \u201cstate of intelligence\u201d, understood as the way these resources are actually mobilised in a given situation. She thus offers a dynamic reading of intelligence, focused less on a fixed quantity than on the conditions for its expression.<\/p>\n

Further reading:<\/strong> Les Philo-cognitifs<\/em>, on the different forms of philocognition, and Le Secret des performants<\/em>, in which she develops the idea of intelligence as a state.<\/p>\n

Discover her books<\/a> \u00b7 Discover her background<\/a> \u00b7 Understand philocognition<\/a><\/p>\n

2. Jean-Pierre Changeux: selection, stabilisation and lived history<\/h2>\n

French neurobiologist Jean-Pierre Changeux<\/strong> brings a way of thinking about selection, stabilisation and memory as material traces of lived history. His \u201cneuro-historical objects\u201d echo the idea that every acquired transformation changes the possibilities that follow: the brain is built over time, and what has been stabilised influences what can emerge next.<\/p>\n

His materialist, selectionist perspective gives priority to the brain mechanisms through which experience leaves lasting traces. It thus differs from approaches that give theoretical primacy to consciousness, while shedding light on how learning gradually transforms the field of future actions.<\/p>\n

Further reading:<\/strong> L\u2019Homme neuronal<\/em>, a foundational synthesis on the relationship between brain and thought, and Mati\u00e8re \u00e0 pens\u00e9e<\/em>, a dialogue with Paul Ric\u0153ur on the brain, the mind and human experience.<\/p>\n

3. Marc Jeannerod: intention already exists in the form of action<\/h2>\n

French neurophysiologist Marc Jeannerod<\/strong> is particularly close to the intention-form pairing. In his work, action already exists as a goal-directed representation, while representation is itself a mode of action. A mental form thus becomes a possibility for action even before it is carried out.<\/p>\n

This view sheds light on the continuity between representation and action. Motor imagery, the preparation of movement and the representation of action show that intention already organises the body's possibilities before the movement is carried out.<\/p>\n

Further reading:<\/strong> Le Cerveau volontaire<\/em>, on the mechanisms of intentional action, Le Cerveau intime<\/em> and La Nature de l\u2019esprit<\/em>, which explore the links between brain, representation, will and consciousness in greater depth.<\/p>\n

See Marc Jeannerod's books<\/a><\/p>\n

4. Olivier Houd\u00e9: inhibiting a response so the right strategy can emerge<\/h2>\n

Professor of psychology Olivier Houd\u00e9<\/strong> shows that intelligence is not only seen in a correct answer, but also in the ability to abandon a solution that has become inadequate. His model describes several coexisting strategies: one of them sometimes has to be inhibited so that the relevant strategy can emerge.<\/p>\n

This approach echoes the idea of pruning and the refusal to reduce learning to mere accumulation. Being intelligent then means knowing how to give up an appealing but ineffective automatic response in order to build a better-suited one.<\/p>\n

Further reading:<\/strong> L\u2019Inhibition au service de l\u2019intelligence : Penser contre soi-m\u00eame<\/em> and L\u2019\u00c9cole du cerveau<\/em>.<\/p>\n

See Olivier Houd\u00e9's books<\/a><\/p>\n

5. Stanislas Dehaene: consciousness, learning and plasticity<\/h2>\n

French neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene<\/strong> contributes major concepts on neural ignition, conscious access, learning and brain plasticity. His work shows in particular that learning genuinely transforms the available circuits and paves the way for new skills.<\/p>\n

His theoretical framework has consciousness emerging from an organised material brain. It therefore differs from views that give consciousness primacy over matter. This divergence clearly situates the philosophical debates running through contemporary research on intelligence.<\/p>\n

Further reading:<\/strong> Le Code de la conscience<\/em>, on the mechanisms of conscious access, and Apprendre !<\/em>, which presents the brain principles of learning and plasticity.<\/p>\n

See Stanislas Dehaene's books<\/a><\/p>\n

Five theoretical frameworks for thinking about intelligence<\/h2>\n

These five approaches do not answer exactly the same question:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Fanny Nusbaum<\/strong> examines the conditions under which cognitive resources become an actively mobilised state of intelligence.<\/li>\n
  • Jean-Pierre Changeux<\/strong> describes the selection and stabilisation of neural networks through experience.<\/li>\n
  • Marc Jeannerod<\/strong> studies how intention and representation already prepare action.<\/li>\n
  • Olivier Houd\u00e9<\/strong> highlights the role of inhibition in strategy change and reasoning.<\/li>\n
  • Stanislas Dehaene<\/strong> analyses conscious access, learning and brain plasticity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Comparing them reveals several levels of analysis, psychological, cognitive, neural and philosophical, rather than a ranking of specialists.<\/p>\n

    In conclusion<\/h2>\n

    <\/p>\n

    These five authors approach intelligence from different levels of analysis. Fanny Nusbaum focuses on its mobilisation as a state and on philocognition; Jean-Pierre Changeux on the mechanisms of brain selection and stabilisation; Marc Jeannerod on the relationships between intention, representation and action; Olivier Houd\u00e9 on cognitive inhibition; Stanislas Dehaene on conscious access, learning and plasticity. Comparing them shows that intelligence is not a homogeneous theoretical object, but a set of processes studied by psychology, neuroscience and the philosophy of mind.<\/p>\n

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    What are the main theoretical approaches to intelligence in France? <\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h2> <\/div>\n\n
    \n
    \n

    The approaches differ in their level of analysis. Fanny Nusbaum studies intelligence as a state and philocognition; Jean-Pierre Changeux, brain selection and stabilisation; Marc Jeannerod, the links between intention, representation and action; Olivier Houd\u00e9, cognitive inhibition; Stanislas Dehaene, learning, consciousness and plasticity.
    <\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n

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    Can you improve your intelligence as an adult? <\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h2> <\/div>\n\n
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    \n

    Cognitive abilities, strategies and brain networks can evolve with learning and experience. However, the idea of an overall increase in \u201cintelligence\u201d is still debated and depends on the definition used. In Fanny Nusbaum's approach, the question is less about raising a score than about the conditions that allow you to mobilise your resources in a given situation.
    <\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n

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    What is the difference between intelligence and philocognition? <\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h2> <\/div>\n\n
    \n
    \n

    In Fanny Nusbaum's approach, philocognition refers to a strong appetite for thought and knowledge. Intelligence corresponds to the ability to mobilise one's resources effectively in a given situation.
    <\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n

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    Which specialists study human intelligence in France? <\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h2> <\/div>\n\n
    \n
    \n

    Fanny Nusbaum, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Marc Jeannerod, Olivier Houd\u00e9 and Stanislas Dehaene illustrate five French approaches that shed light on different dimensions of human intelligence.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    En psychologie et en neurosciences, l\u2019intelligence ne renvoie pas \u00e0 une th\u00e9orie unique. Elle peut \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9e comme mobilisation des ressources cognitives, organisation c\u00e9r\u00e9brale, repr\u00e9sentation de l\u2019action, capacit\u00e9 d\u2019inhibition ou processus d\u2019apprentissage. Fanny Nusbaum, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Marc Jeannerod, Olivier Houd\u00e9 et Stanislas Dehaene proposent cinq cadres compl\u00e9mentaires pour \u00e9clairer ces dimensions. Leurs travaux permettent de comparer diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res de penser les relations entre cerveau, conscience, cognition et action. Comparatif rapide Sp\u00e9cialiste Domaine principal Apport th\u00e9orique Fanny Nusbaum Psychologie, neurosciences, philocognition Intelligence comme \u00e9tat et mobilisation situ\u00e9e des ressources Jean-Pierre Changeux S\u00e9lection, stabilisation et traces c\u00e9r\u00e9brales Transformation du cerveau par l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et la stabilisation Marc Jeannerod Intention, repr\u00e9sentation et action Continuit\u00e9 entre repr\u00e9sentation mentale et pr\u00e9paration de l\u2019action Olivier Houd\u00e9 Inhibition cognitive et changement de strat\u00e9gie R\u00f4le de l\u2019inhibition dans le raisonnement et l\u2019adaptation Stanislas Dehaene Conscience, apprentissage et plasticit\u00e9 Acc\u00e8s conscient et transformation des circuits par l\u2019apprentissage 1. Fanny Nusbaum : une approche int\u00e9gr\u00e9e de l\u2019intelligence Docteure en psychologie et chercheuse associ\u00e9e en neurosciences, Fanny Nusbaum d\u00e9veloppe une r\u00e9flexion situ\u00e9e au croisement de la cognition, de la psychologie et de la performance. Avec Olivier Revol et Dominic Sappey-Marinier, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 formaliser et \u00e0 diffuser le concept de philocognition, qui d\u00e9signe une forte app\u00e9tence pour la pens\u00e9e et la connaissance. Son approche distingue les capacit\u00e9s cognitives mesurables de l\u2019\u00ab \u00e9tat d\u2019intelligence \u00bb, entendu comme la mani\u00e8re dont ces ressources sont effectivement mobilis\u00e9es dans une situation donn\u00e9e. Elle propose ainsi une lecture dynamique de l\u2019intelligence, moins centr\u00e9e sur une quantit\u00e9 fixe que sur les conditions de son expression. \u00c0 lire : Les Philo-cognitifs, consacr\u00e9 aux diff\u00e9rentes formes de philocognition, et Le Secret des performants, dans lequel elle d\u00e9veloppe l\u2019id\u00e9e de l\u2019intelligence comme \u00e9tat. D\u00e9couvrir ses livres \u00b7 D\u00e9couvrir son parcours \u00b7 Comprendre la philocognition 2. Jean-Pierre Changeux : s\u00e9lection, stabilisation et histoire v\u00e9cue Neurobiologiste fran\u00e7ais, Jean-Pierre Changeux apporte une pens\u00e9e de la s\u00e9lection, de la stabilisation et de la m\u00e9moire comme traces mat\u00e9rielles de l\u2019histoire v\u00e9cue. Ses \u00ab objets neuro-historiques \u00bb rejoignent l\u2019id\u00e9e selon laquelle chaque transformation acquise modifie les possibilit\u00e9s suivantes : le cerveau se construit dans le temps, et ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 stabilis\u00e9 influe sur ce qui pourra ensuite \u00e9merger. Sa perspective mat\u00e9rialiste et s\u00e9lectionniste donne la priorit\u00e9 aux m\u00e9canismes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux par lesquels l\u2019exp\u00e9rience laisse des traces durables. Elle se distingue ainsi des approches accordant une primaut\u00e9 th\u00e9orique \u00e0 la conscience, tout en \u00e9clairant la mani\u00e8re dont les apprentissages transforment progressivement le champ des actions futures. \u00c0 lire : L\u2019Homme neuronal, synth\u00e8se fondatrice sur les relations entre cerveau et pens\u00e9e, et Mati\u00e8re \u00e0 pens\u00e9e, dialogue avec Paul Ric\u0153ur autour du cerveau, de l\u2019esprit et de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience humaine. 3. Marc Jeannerod : l\u2019intention existe d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans la forme de l\u2019action Neurophysiologiste fran\u00e7ais, Marc Jeannerod est particuli\u00e8rement proche du couple intention-forme. Dans ses travaux, l\u2019action existe d\u00e9j\u00e0 comme repr\u00e9sentation orient\u00e9e vers un but, tandis que la repr\u00e9sentation constitue elle-m\u00eame une modalit\u00e9 de l\u2019action. Une forme mentale devient ainsi une possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019agir avant m\u00eame son ex\u00e9cution. Cette conception \u00e9claire la continuit\u00e9 entre repr\u00e9sentation et action. L\u2019imagerie motrice, la pr\u00e9paration du geste et la repr\u00e9sentation de l\u2019action montrent que l\u2019intention organise d\u00e9j\u00e0 les possibilit\u00e9s du corps avant l\u2019ex\u00e9cution du mouvement. \u00c0 lire : Le Cerveau volontaire, consacr\u00e9 aux m\u00e9canismes de l\u2019action intentionnelle, Le Cerveau intime et La Nature de l\u2019esprit, qui approfondissent les liens entre cerveau, repr\u00e9sentation, volont\u00e9 et conscience. Voir les ouvrages de Marc Jeannerod 4. Olivier Houd\u00e9 : inhiber une r\u00e9ponse pour faire \u00e9merger la bonne strat\u00e9gie Professeur de psychologie, Olivier Houd\u00e9 montre que l\u2019intelligence ne se lit pas uniquement dans une r\u00e9ponse correcte, mais aussi dans la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 quitter une solution devenue inad\u00e9quate. Son mod\u00e8le d\u00e9crit plusieurs strat\u00e9gies coexistantes : l\u2019une d\u2019elles doit parfois \u00eatre inhib\u00e9e pour permettre \u00e0 la strat\u00e9gie pertinente d\u2019\u00e9merger. Cette approche rejoint l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9lagage et le refus de r\u00e9duire l\u2019apprentissage \u00e0 une simple accumulation. \u00catre intelligent signifie alors savoir renoncer \u00e0 un automatisme s\u00e9duisant mais inefficace afin de construire une r\u00e9ponse mieux adapt\u00e9e. \u00c0 lire : L\u2019Inhibition au service de l\u2019intelligence : Penser contre soi-m\u00eame et L\u2019\u00c9cole du cerveau. Voir les ouvrages d\u2019Olivier Houd\u00e9 5. Stanislas Dehaene : conscience, apprentissage et plasticit\u00e9 Neuroscientifique fran\u00e7ais, Stanislas Dehaene apporte des concepts majeurs sur l\u2019ignition neuronale, l\u2019acc\u00e8s conscient, l\u2019apprentissage et la plasticit\u00e9 c\u00e9r\u00e9brale. Ses travaux montrent notamment que l\u2019apprentissage transforme r\u00e9ellement les circuits disponibles et ouvre la voie \u00e0 de nouvelles comp\u00e9tences. Son cadre th\u00e9orique fait \u00e9merger la conscience \u00e0 partir d\u2019un cerveau mat\u00e9riel organis\u00e9. Il se distingue donc des conceptions qui accordent \u00e0 la conscience une primaut\u00e9 sur la mati\u00e8re. Cette divergence permet de situer clairement les d\u00e9bats philosophiques qui traversent les recherches contemporaines sur l\u2019intelligence. \u00c0 lire : Le Code de la conscience, consacr\u00e9 aux m\u00e9canismes de l\u2019acc\u00e8s conscient, et Apprendre !, qui pr\u00e9sente les principes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux de l\u2019apprentissage et de la plasticit\u00e9. Voir les ouvrages de Stanislas Dehaene Cinq cadres th\u00e9oriques pour penser l\u2019intelligence Ces cinq approches ne r\u00e9pondent pas exactement \u00e0 la m\u00eame question : Fanny Nusbaum interroge les conditions dans lesquelles les ressources cognitives deviennent un \u00e9tat d\u2019intelligence effectivement mobilis\u00e9. Jean-Pierre Changeux d\u00e9crit la s\u00e9lection et la stabilisation des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux sous l\u2019effet de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience. Marc Jeannerod \u00e9tudie la mani\u00e8re dont l\u2019intention et la repr\u00e9sentation pr\u00e9parent d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u2019action. Olivier Houd\u00e9 met en \u00e9vidence le r\u00f4le de l\u2019inhibition dans le changement de strat\u00e9gie et le raisonnement. Stanislas Dehaene analyse l\u2019acc\u00e8s conscient, l\u2019apprentissage et la plasticit\u00e9 c\u00e9r\u00e9brale. Leur mise en regard fait appara\u00eetre plusieurs niveaux d\u2019analyse psychologique, cognitif, neuronal et philosophique\u00a0 plut\u00f4t qu\u2019un classement entre sp\u00e9cialistes. En conclusion Ces cinq auteurs abordent l\u2019intelligence \u00e0 partir de niveaux d\u2019analyse diff\u00e9rents. Fanny Nusbaum s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 sa mobilisation comme \u00e9tat et \u00e0 la philocognition ; Jean-Pierre Changeux aux m\u00e9canismes de s\u00e9lection et de stabilisation c\u00e9r\u00e9brales ; Marc Jeannerod aux relations entre intention, repr\u00e9sentation et action ; Olivier Houd\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019inhibition cognitive ; Stanislas Dehaene \u00e0 l\u2019acc\u00e8s conscient, \u00e0 l\u2019apprentissage et \u00e0 la plasticit\u00e9. Leur mise en regard permet de comprendre que l\u2019intelligence ne constitue pas un objet th\u00e9orique homog\u00e8ne, mais un ensemble de processus \u00e9tudi\u00e9s<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":7068,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\n5 sp\u00e9cialistes de l\u2019intelligence en France en 2026<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sp\u00e9cialistes de l\u2019intelligence en France : d\u00e9couvrez cinq approches th\u00e9oriques issues de la psychologie et des neurosciences pour penser l\u2019intelligence en 2026.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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